The Nikolskaya Tower, located in the Moscow Kremlin, is one of the most historically significant and architecturally unique structures of the Kremlin complex. Serving as a secret entrance to the Kremlin for centuries, the tower played an important role in the Kremlin’s defenses, while also being integral to its political and ceremonial functions. Today, it stands as a symbol of Russia’s complex history, combining elements of military architecture with royal traditions. Here’s a deeper look at why the Nikolskaya Tower is one of the most fascinating landmarks in Moscow.
1. The History of the Nikolskaya Tower
A Secret Entrance for the Tsars
The Nikolskaya Tower was originally built as a defensive structure during the late 15th century, as part of the Kremlin’s extensive walls. However, it’s the tower’s role as a secret entrance that gives it its unique place in Russian history. The tower served as a hidden entrance for tsars and important royal figures who needed a discreet path into the Kremlin without attracting public attention.
- Built in the 1490s: The Nikolskaya Tower was constructed during the reign of Ivan III as part of the general fortifications of the Kremlin. Its strategic position allowed it to serve as a gateway that connected the Kremlin to the Moscow streets.
- Royal Passage: For centuries, the Nikolskaya Tower provided an entrance to the Kremlin that allowed the royal family to enter the fortress undetected, avoiding public scrutiny and maintaining the secrecy of the ruling class.
Strategic Importance
The tower’s location along the Kremlin walls made it an ideal point for controlling access to the Kremlin. While much of the Kremlin was surrounded by public access points, the Nikolskaya Tower remained a discreet and relatively hidden entryway, ensuring the security and privacy of Russia’s ruling monarchs.
2. Architectural Features of the Nikolskaya Tower
A Blend of Russian and Western Styles
The Nikolskaya Tower is known for its distinctive architectural features, which combine elements of traditional Russian architecture with influences from Western European styles. Over the years, the tower has been renovated and reworked, adding to its rich architectural diversity.
- Traditional Russian Design: The original structure was built in a Russian style of the late medieval period, with elements of brickwork, and the typical onion-shaped domes that characterize Russian Orthodox architecture.
- Western Influence: Over time, the tower’s design incorporated more Western European influences, especially after the 16th century, when Russia began to experience increased contact with European countries. This is reflected in the tower’s gatehouse design and its Romanesque-style arches.
The Tower’s Spire
The most distinctive feature of the Nikolskaya Tower is its tall spire, which rises above the Kremlin walls. The spire is topped with a golden star and is visible from various points within Moscow. This star was added during the Soviet era and has since become a symbol of the Kremlin’s enduring power and authority.
- The spire and star are not just decorative; they also represent Russia’s imperial past and the Kremlin’s continued status as the seat of power in Russia.
3. The Role of the Nikolskaya Tower in the Kremlin’s History
Defensive Function
Originally, the Nikolskaya Tower was part of the defensive system of the Kremlin walls. Its strategic location allowed it to monitor potential threats from the Moscow River and the nearby Kitai-Gorod area, where commercial activity and public life were concentrated.
- Strategic Defense: The tower’s location at the northeastern corner of the Kremlin allowed it to oversee both the river and the streets leading to the Kremlin. This made it an ideal place for defenders to keep an eye on potential invaders or attackers.
Ceremonial Role
In addition to its military and practical functions, the Nikolskaya Tower has also been involved in important ceremonial functions over the centuries. For example, it was the site of the official announcement of royal arrivals to the Kremlin, and it has witnessed numerous key moments in Russia’s royal and imperial history.
- Royal Processions: The tower’s location made it an essential part of the royal processions and ceremonial events in the Kremlin. It allowed the tsars and high-ranking officials to make their grand entrance into the Kremlin for events like coronations, state functions, and religious celebrations.
A Symbol of Imperial Authority
For much of Russian history, the Nikolskaya Tower was a symbol of the tsar’s power and authority. Its role as a secret entrance allowed for the protection of the Russian monarchs and the integrity of the Kremlin’s sovereignty. In this way, the tower contributed to Russia’s imperial identity and the strength of the state.
4. Renovations and Changes Through the Centuries
The 17th-Century Reconstruction
During the 17th century, the Nikolskaya Tower underwent significant renovations, which changed the tower’s original appearance. Under the direction of architect Christopher Galloway, the tower was updated to strengthen its defensive structure and adapt to the evolving needs of the Kremlin.
- Architectural Updates: The tower was given a more fortified look, with additional brickwork and a stronger foundation. During this time, baroque elements were also added, contributing to the tower’s distinctive style.
Soviet Modifications
The tower saw further changes during the Soviet era, when the golden star was added to the spire. This star became an important symbol of Soviet power and national pride, representing the Soviet regime and Russia’s post-revolutionary era.
- Golden Star: The addition of the golden star on the top of the spire in the 1930s further solidified the tower’s association with national strength, especially as the Soviet Union sought to project an image of modernity and imperial authority.
5. Visiting the Nikolskaya Tower
Accessibility
The Nikolskaya Tower is located on the eastern side of the Kremlin, facing Kitai-Gorod. While the tower itself is not open to the public for tours, visitors can view the tower from various points within Red Square and along the Kremlin walls.
- Visitors to Red Square and the Kremlin can enjoy the view of the tower and take photos of its iconic spire and golden star.
- The tower’s location, next to the Kremlin’s eastern wall, makes it easy to explore the surrounding areas, including the Kremlin’s other towers and gardens.
Photography
The Nikolskaya Tower is an excellent subject for photographers, as its elegant architecture, rich history, and prominent position make it one of Moscow’s most photogenic landmarks. It’s especially striking when captured at sunset or at night, when the golden star atop the tower is illuminated.
Conclusion
The Nikolskaya Tower is not only a beautiful and impressive structure but also a key part of the Kremlin’s history and identity. Its role as a secret entrance for the tsars, its defense capabilities, and its symbolic significance make it one of the most fascinating and historically rich landmarks in Moscow. While today it serves as a part of Moscow’s grand architectural legacy, the Nikolskaya Tower continues to be a powerful reminder of Russia’s imperial past and its enduring sense of sovereignty.
